Author: Irfan Disnizar, SH.

Difference between PT and CV

Posted by Irfan Disnizar, SH. on

So far, there have been many questions from entrepreneurs who have just started their business, who have questioned the difference between a PT and a CV.

PT stands for Limited Liability Company which is formed as a legal entity as stated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies, while CV stands for Commanditaire Venootschap or limited liability company, which is a company that is not a legal entity because there are no regulations governing it.

Here are the most obvious differences between PT and CV:

  1. Accountability
    The liability of PT is delegated to the Board of Directors, while the liability of shareholders is only limited to the amount of capital invested, as stated in Article 3 paragraph 1 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. While the responsibility for the CV is delegated to the Complementary Partners who are fully responsible severally and severally up to personal assets.
  2. Management
    PT is managed by the Board of Directors who is fully responsible for the management of PT for the interests and objectives of the company and represents the company both inside and outside the court in accordance with the articles of the association while CV is managed by a complementary partner who is fully responsible for managing CV.
  3. Organization
    The PT organization is more structured while the CV is only managed by the Complementary Partner.
  4. Company Organ
    PT has a clear corporate organ, namely the GMS, the Board of Directors, and the Commissioner, while the CV only has a complementary partner.
  5. Capital
    In Law Number 40 of 2007, the capital for the establishment of a PT is set at Rp 50 million, unless otherwise stipulated by the law or regulations governing the implementation of such business activities in Indonesia. Of the minimum capital, as much as 25 percent of the total initial capital must be issued and fully paid up. As for CV, there is no capital limit in its establishment.

Thus, above are some of the differences between PT and CV, in the author’s opinion, if you are going to establish a company, it is better to have a PT with the consideration that the PT has a legal entity, the capital consists of shares, limited liability and has a structured organization.

Indonesia Queen Law Firm Annual Review of 2021

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2021 is an extraordinary year for Queen Law Firm.

During this year, Queen Law Firm participated in a large number of civil litigation and criminal defense, safeguarding the rights and interests of many companies and individuals. At the same time, Queen Law Firm has acted as long-term legal counsel for many multinational companies from China, Singapore, and Malaysia, ensuring the smooth development of many multinational companies’ businesses in Indonesia. In addition, in 2021, Queen Law Firm participated in the drafting of a large number of contracts, completed a large number of legal consulting work, and issued a large number of legal opinions.

Due to many factors such as strong professional knowledge, rich experience of team members, high success rate, high customer satisfaction, and many other factors, Queen Law Firm won the “2021 Indonesia Best Choice Award” and “2021 Indonesia Best Lawyer Award”, and many other awards.

In 2022, Queen Law Firm will continue to be active in all corners of the legal world, providing legal services to global companies and individuals, and making due contributions to our own capabilities.

Queen Law Firm Wins Case Again

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In a land dispute case that was pronounced at the Cianjur District Court on September 29, 2021, although the opponent was a team of well-known lawyers in the field of law, Queen Law Firm still fulfilled its mission and spared no effort to protect the interests of its clients, and as always achieved the final victory.

Winning cases continuously is the best gift Queen Law Firm can give to its clients.

Land Dispute Problems, Prevention and Resolution

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There are many cases of land disputes that have entered Queen Law Firm, with different characteristics of cases, although many cases are similar but not the same, here are some of the problems we often encounter:

  1. Lack of orderly land administration in Indonesia, what we often encounter is that one land has multiple certificates with different owners;
  2. There are several Notaries, Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) / Temporary Land Deed Making Officials (PPATS) / Subdistrict Head, less careful in carrying out their duties, in some cases Notaries, Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT) / Temporary Land Deed Making Officials (PPATS) / Subdistrict Head, in making a deed of sale and purchase of a land object they do not first check the status of Land at the National Land Agency so that in some cases when buying and selling has occurred and will register the transfer of land rights to the National Land Agency, the rights cannot be transferred because the land is in a state of dispute;
  3. There are erroneous land data, both in terms of area, boundaries, and overlapping rights with one another;
  4. The problem of inheritance land ownership between individuals, both in the distribution of land rights and the sale of land rights whose certificates have not been broken;
  5. The laws and regulations overlap each other, both horizontally and vertically, as well as the substances regulated;
  6. Limited human resources tasked with resolving land disputes either in the District Court or the State Administrative Court, so that a Land Dispute case can take years, even though the government has regulated in Article 4 Paragraph (2) of the Law of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia stipulates that justice is carried out quickly, simply and at low cost, but in reality, it has not been realized;
  7. The existence of settlements from other agencies, resulting in overlapping authorities, for example in remote areas where land disputes have not yet developed are resolved by customary heads, tribal chiefs, village heads, or clan heads.

In order to avoid the above-disputed issues in terms of buying and selling land, everyone should pay attention to the following:

  1. Looking for the origin of the land, which is usually found in the Kelurahan/Village called Letter C Desa which contains the previous to the latest land ownership;
  2. Checking the certificate of ownership of land rights to the National Land Agency (BPN), to check who the owner is, whether there is a mortgage that is imposed, or to check whether the certificate is still in a state of dispute or not;
  3. Make a Deed of Sale and Purchase at a Notary, Land Deed Making Officer (PPAT) / Temporary Land Deed Making Officer (PPATS) / Subdistrict Head who are competent and responsible in carrying out their duties.

However, if this land dispute has occurred, the settlement of land disputes can be done through the District Court, it can also be through the State Administrative Court, and it is not uncommon for land dispute resolution to penetrate into the criminal law area because the dispute contains elements criminal.

 

 

 

 

Prison Punishment = Punishment for Family

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Remind all those who are about to commit, are, or intend to commit illegal/criminal activities, they must remember that there are relatives, parents, children, and wives waiting for your return at home. Once you are subject to criminal penalties, not only are you alone but also your parents, wife, and children. Legally, you must take responsibility for what you have done, but if you are imprisoned, your parents, wife, and children will suffer unnecessary joint punishments for this. Such punishments may be financial. It may also be spiritual. Many times, because they worry about you, they have to give up a comfortable life, cut rations and family expenses, and even owe debts so that they can send food and other necessities to prison, just to make you feel less in prison. Bit bitter.

As lawyers dealing with criminal defense, we must often go to prison to meet with clients. We often see elderly mothers wandering in the queue for visits carrying food to be sent to prison. There are also many women with toddlers sitting in chairs with sad faces waiting to see their husbands. They are worried about the condition of their husbands in prison, while the innocent children are still playing, not knowing what happened to their father. For criminals of foreign nationality, their families need to raise money to buy air tickets and travel all the way to an unfamiliar country, even if they are separated by thousands of mountains and rivers, in their minds, what they want to visit is not a criminal, but a relative.

Stay away from all kinds of illegal and criminal acts, because that is the best way to love and protect your family.

Prenuptial Agreement in Mixed Marriage

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Many of our clients, especially foreigners who are getting married or already married to Indonesians, ask whether before marriage they have to make a Prenuptial Agreement and what is the Prenuptial Agreement for?

Therefore, we will first discuss the Prenuptial Agreement, Prenuptial Agreement found in Article 29 Paragraph 1 of Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which states: “At the time or before the marriage is held both parties a party with a joint agreement can submit a written agreement that is legalized by a marriage registrar, after which the contents also apply to the third party involved.”

The prenuptial agreement contains the separation of property, for foreigners the Prenuptial Agreement is very important especially for immovable objects such as land, houses, shop houses, office houses, apartment units and other properties that cannot be owned by foreigners, referring to Article 26 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 5/1960 concerning Basic Regulations for Agrarian Principles states: “Property rights cannot be owned by foreigners and the transfer of property rights to foreigners is prohibited under the threat of null and void.” In this principle, it is emphasized that foreigners cannot own land in Indonesia and only Indonesian citizens can own land in Indonesia. Meanwhile, at the time of marriage, there will automatically be a mixture of assets contained in Article 35 Paragraph 1 of Law No.1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which states that: “Assets acquired during the marriage become joint assets.” Thus, all assets in the form of movable and immovable objects will automatically become collective assets. However, back again to Article 26 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles that foreigners cannot have ownership rights to land, so couples of different nationalities in Indonesia must make a prenuptial agreement to separate their property, especially immovable objects so that the husband/wife Indonesian citizens can purchase immovable property in the form of land, houses, shop houses, office houses, apartment units, and other properties.

Then when should a prenuptial agreement be made? This agreement should be made before the marriage takes place and be registered at the time the marriage takes place.

But what if a couple from different countries before and after marriage have not made a Prenuptial Agreement? Referring to the Decision of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 69 / PUU-XIII / 2015, it is stated that: “A marriage agreement can be made at the time, before it is held (marriage) or while in a marriage bond and both parties with consent – can jointly submit an agreement. written which is legalized by a marriage registrar or notary public, after which the contents also apply to Third Parties as long as the Third Party is involved. ” And in Article 29 Paragraph 1 of Law No.1 of 1974 concerning Marriage which states:” At or before the marriage takes place both parties based on mutual consent may submit a written agreement that is legalized by the marriage registrar, after which the contents also apply to the third party involved.”

Therefore, a Prenuptial Agreement (Marriage Agreement) can be signed after marriage and has the same legal effect as a Prenuptial Agreement signed before marriage.