Author: Admin

Legal Retainer: A Strategic Investment for Foreign Investment Companies (PMA) in Indonesia

Posted by Admin on 16/08/2025

A. Introduction

For foreign investors establishing or expanding their business in Indonesia, the greatest challenge is often not capital or market access, but the ability to understand and comply with Indonesia’s complex legal and regulatory framework.
Indonesia’s legal system is unique—a combination of national laws, regional regulations, and sectoral policies that may change at any time.
For Foreign Investment Companies (PMA), consistent legal assistance is not only about fulfilling compliance requirements but also about ensuring smooth business operations. One of the most effective solutions is engaging a legal retainer.

B. What is a Legal Retainer and Why is it Important for PMAs?

A legal retainer is a long-term cooperation between a company and a law firm, where the company pays a fixed fee (monthly or annually) in exchange for ongoing legal services within an agreed scope.
For PMAs, this is equivalent to having an external legal department that is always ready to assist—from establishment, daily operations, to dispute resolution.

Key benefits of a legal retainer for PMAs include:

Legal certainty from the start: Guidance on company structure, shareholding composition under the Positive Investment List, business licensing through OSS-RBA, and sectoral permits.
Ongoing operational support: Contract review, regulatory monitoring, labor relations advice, and preventive dispute handling.
Company Regulations (PP) compliance: Drafting and updating Company Regulations in line with the Manpower Law/Job Creation Law, and securing approval from the local Labor Office. This protects the company’s interests while providing clarity for employees.
Cost efficiency: More economical than hiring a full-time in-house legal team, as the retainer covers access to experienced lawyers across multiple legal areas.
Consistency and in-depth understanding: The retainer develops knowledge of the company’s business model and strategy, allowing for precise and practical legal advice.

C. Two Stories, Two Outcomes: PMA Journeys in Indonesia

Imagine two foreign investment companies entering the same industry with similar capital and business plans.
The only difference:

Company A engaged a legal retainer before establishment.
Company B handled legal matters on its own and only sought lawyers when problems arose.

1. The Beginning: Establishment

Company A was guided from the start: structure aligned with investment regulations, legal documents complete, licenses issued on time, and Company Regulations (PP) drafted early to govern employment clearly.
Company B faced repeated license rejections, non-compliant documents, and lacked PP, causing internal confusion and months of delay.

2. Growth Stage: Operations

Company A reviewed contracts with the retainer team, complied with new regulations, and updated its PP every two years. Supplier disputes were resolved through preventive negotiation.
Company B entered into a disadvantageous distribution contract without legal review. PP was only prepared after an inspection by the Labor Office, forcing mid-course adjustments.

3. Crisis Stage: The Real Test

Three years later, Company A faced a major dispute. With well-maintained documentation and clear PP, its retainer quickly prepared a resolution strategy. A settlement was reached without damaging business relations.
Company B sought legal help only after the dispute escalated. With incomplete documents and inadequate PP, resolution consumed excessive time and costs.

4. Lessons from Two Companies
The difference in outcome was not determined by capital or product, but by legal planning and consistent support.

Company A treated the legal retainer as a strategic investment to protect the business, address risks swiftly, and save costs compared to building an internal legal team.
Company B delayed legal management and ended up paying a higher price—financially and reputationally.

D. Common Legal Retainer Services for PMAs

A legal retainer for PMAs typically covers:

Licensing assistance—applications and renewals.
Drafting and reviewing domestic and international contracts.
Drafting, revising, and securing approval of Company Regulations (PP) or Collective Labor Agreements (PKB).
Labor law advice and handling of industrial relations disputes.
Intellectual property protection—trademarks, patents, industrial designs.
Tax compliance, including optimization of fiscal incentives for foreign investors.
Dispute resolution strategies—litigation and alternative dispute resolution (ADR).

E. Conclusion: Choosing a Retainer is Choosing Business Security

In today’s fast-moving and challenging business environment—especially in a complex market like Indonesia—a legal retainer is not just a service provider but a long-term strategic partner.

With predictable costs, PMAs gain:

Legal protection from the very beginning.
Clear and enforceable Company Regulations to manage employment relations.
Rapid response when issues arise.
Peace of mind to focus on business growth.

A legal retainer ensures that a company not only complies with the law but is also prepared to seize opportunities and avoid hidden risks.
The question is no longer “Do we need a legal retainer?”, but rather “How prepared are we to prevent risks from the start?”

Foreign Nationals and Criminal Liability in Indonesia: Why You Need a Local Legal Counsel Who Speaks Your Language

Posted by Admin on 31/07/2025

With Indonesia’s growing economy and increasingly open investment and labor markets, the number of foreign nationals residing and working in Indonesia continues to rise. However, behind this opportunity lies a real risk—many foreigners find themselves entangled in criminal legal issues, whether due to a lack of knowledge about the Indonesian legal system, administrative mistakes, or falling victim to fraud or criminalization schemes.

Having represented numerous foreign clients, Queen Law Firm understands that the most fundamental need for a foreign national facing legal troubles is to have a local legal counsel who not only understands the Indonesian legal system in depth but also communicates fluently in the client’s native language, including Mandarin.

A. Common Criminal Offenses Faced by Foreign Nationals

Based on our observation and experience, the following types of criminal cases are the most common among foreign nationals, whether as suspects or victims:

1. Immigration Violations
The most frequent issues include:

Overstaying visa validity
Misusing visas (e.g., using a tourist visa for work or business)
Entering or exiting Indonesia without proper documentation

These are governed by Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration and may result in administrative sanctions (fines, deportation) or criminal penalties (imprisonment).

2. Drug Offenses
Indonesia enforces a strict zero-tolerance policy against narcotics. Many foreign nationals are prosecuted due to:

Carrying luggage unknowingly containing narcotics
Serving as couriers without knowledge of the content
Consuming drugs legal in their home countries but classified as narcotics in Indonesia

Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics prescribes severe penalties, including the death penalty for serious offenses such as trafficking or smuggling.

3. Fraud and Illegal Investment Schemes
Foreign nationals may fall victim to fraud or, in some cases, are countersued by their local partners for:

Embezzlement
Fraud in investment cooperation
Violating business license requirements or operating in restricted sectors

Such charges are usually prosecuted under Article 378 (Fraud) or Article 372 (Embezzlement) of the Indonesian Penal Code.

4. Violence and Private Disputes
Foreign nationals may also be involved in:

Domestic violence (KDRT)
Fights or altercations
Minor assaults
Sexual harassment allegations often stemming from cultural misunderstandings

Without adequate understanding of local customs and legal procedures, these cases can become highly complicated and risky to the individual’s reputation and liberty.

5. Violations of Public Morality or Ethics
Indonesian law, including the Penal Code and regional regulations, still recognizes offenses such as:

Adultery
Indecent acts
Violations of public morality

Actions deemed acceptable in the foreigner’s home country may be considered criminal under Indonesian law.

B. Why Foreign Nationals Are Vulnerable to Criminal Prosecution

1. Lack of Legal Awareness
Many foreign nationals arrive in Indonesia without receiving proper legal orientation. The difference between legal systems often leads to serious misunderstandings.

2. Language and Cultural Barriers
Legal proceedings are conducted entirely in Bahasa Indonesia. Without a lawyer or interpreter fluent in the client’s language, the risk of misinterpretation and inadequate legal defense increases.

3. Procedural Missteps During Police Examination
Foreigners often undergo police questioning without legal assistance, despite having the right to be accompanied. This can lead to unintended confessions or signing documents without understanding their implications.

4. Complex and Evolving Administrative Regulations
Immigration, business licensing, and tax regulations frequently change. Administrative non-compliance may escalate into criminal matters if not handled properly.

C. Why You Need a Local (and Mandarin-Speaking) Legal Counsel

Dealing with the Indonesian criminal justice system requires the right legal strategy, smooth communication with law enforcement, and maximum protection of your legal rights. This is why it’s crucial to appoint competent local legal counsel who speaks your language.

Queen Law Firm offers:

Licensed and experienced attorneys in criminal law and foreign national assistance
In-house staff and sworn translators fluent in Mandarin, ensuring you fully understand legal proceedings
A strategic and proactive legal approach
Broad connections with legal institutions and government agencies, facilitating communications with Prosecutors, Police, Immigration, and Correctional Facilities

D. What We Do: Step-by-Step Handling of Your Case

If a foreign client faces criminal charges, Queen Law Firm will:

1. Initial Assessment and Case Review
Conduct a factual and legal evaluation of the case and assess the urgency of legal action.

2. Develop Legal Strategy and Provide Full Representation
This includes attending police examinations, preparing legal defenses, and handling the case through trial.

3. Coordinate with Family and Embassy Representatives
Maintain lawful and effective communication with your country’s embassy or consular office.

4. File Further Legal Remedies if Needed
Including objections (eksepsi), defense briefs (pledoi), appeals (banding), or even judicial review (peninjauan kembali).

E. Conclusion: Protect Yourself with the Right Legal Counsel

Indonesia’s criminal law system has its own particular characteristics and often differs significantly from that of your home country. Facing legal issues without a competent local lawyer is a highly risky decision.

If you or someone you know is a foreign national facing criminal proceedings in Indonesia—or seeking to mitigate legal risks in advance—Queen Law Firm is here to help. Contact us and secure your legal protection in a language you understand.

Foreign Investment in Indonesia: A Practical Guide to Establishing a Foreign Investment Company Made Simple

Posted by Admin on 16/07/2025

Indonesia is undergoing a major transformation in its investment landscape. Various legal reforms and licensing simplifications have opened up new opportunities for foreign investors to inject capital more easily, securely, and strategically. This article presents a practical overview of how to establish a Foreign Investment Company (PMA), based on the latest positive laws in Indonesia, summarized from an exclusive eBook prepared by the Queen Law Firm team.

A. Why Indonesia?

Indonesia is not only a large market—with over 275 million people and a rapidly growing middle class—but also a country strongly oriented toward investment growth. Since the enactment of the Job Creation Law and the launch of the OSS-RBA (Online Single Submission – Risk-Based Approach) system, the government has demonstrated a clear commitment to bureaucratic simplification and legal certainty.

The realization of foreign investment (PMA) in 2024 reached IDR 744 trillion, reflecting strong global investor confidence. Key sectors include technology manufacturing, new and renewable energy, digital logistics, and private healthcare.

B. Legal Structure Every Investor Must Understand

To establish a PMA, investors must understand the following legal framework:

Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment, which guarantees legal certainty and asset protection for foreign investors.
The Job Creation Law and its derivatives, which streamline licensing through OSS-RBA and shift from the Negative Investment List to the Positive Investment List (DPI).
Sectoral regulations, which must still be considered for certain fields such as energy, health, education, and financial services.

Business Form Options
PMA is generally established in the form of a Limited Liability Company (PT) with foreign capital, requiring a minimum capital of IDR 10 billion and an initial paid-up capital of IDR 2.5 billion. Another option is setting up a Foreign Representative Office (KPPA), which is not permitted to engage in commercial activities but may conduct promotion, research, and supervision.

Location and KBLI Classification
Business location must align with the Spatial Detail Plan (RDTR) and have a KKPR. The business sector must match the correct KBLI (Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification) code to avoid rejection by the OSS system.

C. OSS-RBA System: Convenient but Not to Be Taken Lightly

OSS-RBA is a centralized, risk-based system. Each business sector is classified as low, medium, medium-high, or high risk—determining the type of license required.

Although OSS can be accessed directly by business actors, many foreign investors face challenges such as:

Incorrect KBLI input.
Data mismatches with the deed of establishment.
Additional permits required by sectoral ministries.

In practice, legal professional assistance ensures process accuracy and smooth compliance.

D. Don’t Miss Government Incentives and Facilities

Indonesia offers a range of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, including:

Tax Holiday for up to 20 years.
Tax Allowance up to 30% of the investment value.
Exemption of import duties and VAT not collected.
Facilitated employment of foreign workers and expedited licensing in Special Economic Zones (KEK).

Eligibility requires alignment with national priority sectors and complete, valid documentation.

E. Legal Risks and Obligations That Must Not Be Ignored

Once established, a PMA must:

Submit Investment Activity Reports (LKPM) regularly.
Comply with foreign manpower regulations.
Fulfill environmental and zoning permits.
Adhere to tax rules and transfer pricing obligations.
Avoid nominee structures, which are prohibited.

Risks such as incorrect KBLI classification, illegal land status, or poorly drafted contracts can lead to license revocation or legal disputes.

F. 7 Key Tips for Foreign Investors

Check the DPI (Investment Priority List) and suitable KBLI code.
Choose a location compliant with RDTR and obtain KKPR.
Plan your capital and shareholding structure early.
Validate all legal documents before OSS submission.
Use a certified notary and sworn translator.
Submit LKPM reports on time and consistently.
Consult incentives early—Tax Holiday, Tax Allowance, or KEK benefits—so you don’t lose out on eligible rights.

G. When Do You Need Professional Help?

Although OSS-RBA is publicly accessible, technical complexities, sectoral variations, and the importance of legal strategy drive many foreign investors to retain a corporate law firm for full support. Proper legal assistance not only ensures compliance but accelerates business setup and strengthens investor positioning.

Queen Law Firm is your trusted legal partner for entering the Indonesian market lawfully, securely, and efficiently. With broad experience across sectors, we help simplify the complex legal process into actionable results.

The Importance of Halal Certification in Indonesia and the Strategic Role of Legal Professionals

Posted by Admin on 22/05/2025

With the rapid growth of the global Muslim consumer market, Indonesia — home to the world’s largest Muslim population — holds a strategically vital position in the halal product industry. Law No. 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance and its implementing regulations have established a comprehensive national legal framework for halal certification. Since the issuance of Government Regulation No. 42 of 2024, the Indonesian government has accelerated the mandatory halal certification regime, making it a critical “market entry threshold” for many businesses.

I. Halal Certification: More Than Compliance, a Competitive Edge

For businesses in the food, beverage, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, fashion, logistics, and catering industries, obtaining halal certification in Indonesia is not only a legal requirement but a key strategic move. In Indonesia, the halal label is a symbol of consumer trust, product quality, and religious adherence. It significantly enhances brand competitiveness, expands market share, and strengthens Muslim consumer loyalty.

Moreover, Indonesia’s halal system has extraterritorial effect: products manufactured outside Indonesia but marketed within the country must still comply with Indonesian halal regulations. Foreign businesses that fail to address halal compliance adequately may face market access barriers, product recalls, and even administrative penalties.

II. The Vital Role of Legal Professionals in the Halal Certification Process

Although the technical processes of certification are handled by BPJPH and accredited halal inspection bodies (LPH), legal professionals play a crucial role in shaping and safeguarding the overall compliance strategy. Their involvement is indispensable at several key stages:

1. Structuring Compliance and Identifying Legal Risks

Lawyers assist businesses in designing a halal compliance framework from the outset, including reviewing supply chain contracts, distribution agreements, and raw material procurement policies to ensure they align with halal principles, while identifying any underlying legal risks.

2. Regulatory Communication and Liaison

Halal certification involves ongoing engagement with BPJPH, LPPOM MUI, and relevant regulatory ministries. Lawyers with in-depth knowledge of Indonesian law and administrative procedures serve as vital intermediaries, ensuring smooth communication and preventing procedural misunderstandings or delays.

3. Document Review and Legal Translation

The certification process requires comprehensive legal documentation, such as declarations of compliance, standard operating procedures (SOPs), ingredient lists, and production flowcharts. Lawyers ensure these documents are legally sound and provide certified legal translations that meet the expectations of authorities.

4. Handling Disputes and Administrative Remedies

If a company’s application is rejected or delayed, lawyers can guide and execute legal remedies such as administrative appeals, objections, or litigation strategies where appropriate.

III. Queen Law Firm in Action: End-to-End Legal Support for International Halal Certification

As a cross-border law firm deeply engaged in the Indonesian market, Queen Law Firm has successfully assisted numerous foreign companies from China, Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and Germany in obtaining halal certification in Indonesia. We recognize that each client’s compliance culture and business structure is unique; therefore, we apply a tailored legal services approach to ensure both legal certainty and operational feasibility.

Our services go beyond the certification process — we also provide post-certification compliance support, including regulatory updates, legal advice on supply chain changes, market inspection response strategies, and assistance with administrative enforcement. Our goal is to help clients maximize the commercial value of halal compliance in a sustainable way.

Conclusion

In the era of a growing global halal economy, halal certification in Indonesia is not merely an administrative formality but a strategic license to enter and thrive in the ASEAN market. In this complex intersection of compliance and opportunity, systematic legal involvement is the foundation for a company’s lawful, efficient, and competitive operations.

Queen Law Firm, as a legal advisor with extensive experience in the Indonesian regulatory landscape, remains committed to delivering strategic, responsive, and pragmatic solutions in halal certification — empowering clients to lead confidently in the global halal economy.

Embezzlement in Indonesian Private Companies: Legal Analysis and the Importance of Legal Counsel

Posted by Admin on 10/04/2025

I. Introduction

As Indonesian private enterprises continue to expand, embezzlement committed by insiders—commonly referred to as embezzlement in position—has become an increasingly critical risk in corporate governance. Such misconduct generally involves employees or members of management who, due to their position, gain access to the company’s funds or assets and wrongfully appropriate them for personal gain.

These acts cause not only direct financial harm but also erode internal trust, damage organizational integrity, and threaten long-term business sustainability. Therefore, resolving embezzlement cases through formal legal channels, with the assistance of experienced legal professionals, is essential.

II. Legal Definition and Statutory Basis

1. Criminal Law

Embezzlement by employees is primarily governed by the Indonesian Penal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana – KUHP). The key provision is:

Article 374 KUHP:

“Embezzlement committed by a person whose possession of the item is due to employment, profession, or because they received compensation for holding it, shall be punishable by imprisonment of up to five years.”

This article applies specifically to acts of embezzlement committed by employees or agents acting in the course of their duties. The maximum criminal sanction is five years’ imprisonment.

If the act involves fraudulent conduct, forgery, or the use of false accounting, additional provisions may apply, such as:
- Article 378 KUHP – Fraud
- Article 263 KUHP – Forgery of Documents

2. Civil Liability

In addition to criminal prosecution, companies may file civil claims under the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata), seeking restitution of misappropriated assets and compensation for damages.

III. Common Forms of Embezzlement in Private Companies

Typical manifestations of embezzlement in Indonesian private businesses include:

Unauthorized withdrawal of company funds by finance staff;
Inflated procurement contracts with the surplus siphoned off;
Collection of client payments withheld from company records;
Misappropriation of inventory through falsified warehouse records;
Illicit transfers of company assets to affiliated or personal accounts.

IV. Legal Consequences and Business Risks

1. Legal Consequences

Criminal liability: Up to 5 years’ imprisonment under Article 374 KUHP;
Restitution: Courts may order the return of embezzled assets and award civil damages;
Professional disqualification: Convicted individuals may be prohibited from holding key positions under corporate or financial regulations.

2. Corporate Risks

Direct financial loss: Diminished liquidity and operational setbacks;
Internal trust deficit: Breakdown of confidence within the management structure;
Reputational harm: Negative public perception impacting investors and stakeholders;
Regulatory exposure: Potential administrative or supervisory penalties for corporate negligence in oversight.

V. Legal Remedies: The Critical Role of Legal Counsel

When embezzlement is suspected or detected, companies must avoid informal or internal-only resolution strategies. Engaging a qualified lawyer is vital to secure the company’s legal position and ensure compliance with Indonesian law. Legal counsel provides support in the following areas:

1. Legal Investigation and Evidence Collection

Lawyers assist companies in conducting internal investigations, identifying relevant documentation, collecting admissible evidence (e.g., financial records, emails, CCTV footage), and preserving chain-of-custody to ensure legal validity.

2. Legal Risk Assessment and Opinions

An experienced lawyer can provide an objective legal opinion on whether the conduct constitutes a criminal offense and recommend whether to proceed with police reporting or file a civil lawsuit.

3. Litigation: Criminal Reporting and Civil Claims

Criminal complaints may be filed with the Indonesian National Police (Polri), with the lawyer preparing a formal report supported by legal analysis and documentation;
Civil lawsuits may be initiated in the District Court to seek recovery of assets and damages;
Legal counsel will represent the company throughout the criminal investigation, prosecution, and court proceedings.

4. Liaison with Government Authorities

In cases involving regulatory concerns (e.g., tax, customs, financial reporting), lawyers may represent the company in communications with relevant authorities (e.g., OJK, BKPM, BPKP) to mitigate further liability.

5. Post-Incident Governance and Compliance Enhancement

After resolving the case, lawyers can issue legal memoranda or compliance reports, advising on internal control improvements to prevent recurrence of similar risks.

VI. Conclusion

Embezzlement in position is a serious criminal offense under Indonesian law and can have devastating effects on a company’s financial health and reputation. Early engagement of legal counsel is the most effective way to address such misconduct, safeguard company assets, and pursue full legal recourse.

In addition to enabling proper criminal prosecution and civil recovery, legal counsel helps demonstrate a company’s commitment to governance, accountability, and integrity.

The Importance of Legal Due Diligence in Corporate Investment Activities

Posted by Admin on 05/03/2025

In the context of a globalized economy, corporate investment activities are becoming increasingly frequent, encompassing various forms such as mergers, joint ventures, and equity investments. However, investments often come with legal risks, which, if not carefully evaluated, may lead to economic losses or even legal disputes. Therefore, Legal Due Diligence (LDD) plays a crucial role in the corporate investment decision-making process.

I. Concept of Legal Due Diligence

Legal Due Diligence is a process where an investor, before making an investment decision, conducts a systematic and comprehensive examination of the target company’s legal aspects through a professional legal team. The purpose of this process is to identify, assess, and control potential legal risks. Legal Due Diligence typically covers aspects such as corporate governance structure, shareholding structure, contractual obligations, intellectual property rights, labor relations, litigation, and regulatory compliance.

II. Importance of Legal Due Diligence

1. Identifying Legal Risks and Ensuring Investment Security

In investment transactions, the target company may have hidden legal risks, such as undisclosed liabilities, ongoing litigation, or unfulfilled contractual obligations. Legal Due Diligence helps investors identify these risks, allowing them to make more informed investment decisions and avoid losses due to legal defects.

2. Assessing Compliance and Reducing Legal Liabilities

Each country and region has different legal regulations, so investors must ensure that the target company’s operations comply with applicable legal requirements. For example, regulations related to antitrust, environmental protection, data privacy, and labor laws can significantly impact business operations. Legal Due Diligence enables investors to confirm the target company’s compliance with applicable laws and avoid penalties due to legal violations.

3. Optimizing Transaction Structure and Enhancing Investment Returns

Through Legal Due Diligence, investors can identify legal weaknesses in the target company and negotiate corrective measures with the seller. For example, investors can request transaction price adjustments, additional guarantees, or compensation clauses to mitigate risks, making the transaction structure more optimal and increasing investment returns.

4. Ensuring Contract Execution and Preventing Disputes

Legal Due Diligence not only helps evaluate transaction risks but also ensures that investment agreements can be effectively enforced. For instance, aspects such as contract validity, enforceability of shareholder agreements, and ownership of intellectual property rights should be clarified through Legal Due Diligence to reduce potential future disputes.

5. Enhancing Corporate Reputation and Supporting Long-Term Growth

For companies, undergoing Legal Due Diligence not only improves transparency and investor confidence but also helps improve internal governance and regulatory compliance. This can create better opportunities for the company to secure funding, go public, or undergo mergers and acquisitions in the future.

III. How to Conduct Effective Legal Due Diligence

To ensure the effectiveness of Legal Due Diligence, companies can take the following measures:

Hire a Professional Team: Engage an experienced law firm or legal consultant to ensure a thorough and accurate examination.
Define the Scope of Examination: Tailor the scope of due diligence based on the nature of the transaction and the characteristics of the target industry, focusing on aspects such as financial compliance, intellectual property rights, and tax risks.
Collect Key Documents: Include company articles of association, shareholder agreements, business contracts, intellectual property certificates, and litigation records to comprehensively assess legal risks.
Conduct On-Site Inspections: In addition to reviewing documents, conduct on-site due diligence to ensure that the company’s operations comply with applicable regulations.
Prepare a Legal Opinion: The legal team should provide a due diligence report that includes risk assessments and recommended mitigation measures for the investor.

Conclusion

Legal Due Diligence is a critical element in the corporate investment process. Its benefits are not limited to identifying legal risks but also include optimizing transaction structure, increasing investment returns, ensuring legal compliance, and enhancing corporate reputation. Therefore, before making an investment, companies should place great importance on Legal Due Diligence, supported by a professional legal team, to ensure well-informed and sustainable decision-making.